Health, hygine sickness, diagnosis and disease –treatment comprise vital of human society everywhere . In tribal India not much has been done , it is always from the view point of modern medical science. Modern allopathic treatment presupposes certain conditions which go along with it and follow it too. Such conditions are almost totally non-existent intribal societies . However, all tribals, primitive or dvanced, consider disease as pernicious and detrimental to normal life.

It is certainly a departure, temporary or permanent, from the normal state of health.

Tribals do not consider any diseaseas the cause of cause of neglect of body or , its organ. They consider diease as integral part of the process .They believe cause both transient and intransient illness , and ultimately death. They assert that most diseases are caused by supernatural beings. It is their belief pattern and an aspect of their ideology. They also attribute some other factors to diseases , such as environment and biological conditions.

Etiology of Sickness
In tribal societies social structure , human body , ethnic healing system and ideology are intextricably interwoven . Health relates to all productive activities, enjoyment of life and resistance to sickness. The system of ethno-medicine is a language, which is articulated and punctuated by the ethnic healers.Diseases are categorized on the basis of symptoms and experiences of the ethnic healers. It is they who establish interconnections between diseases,disease causing agents both magico-religious causesas well as their system of theraphy . Magico –religious ailments gather social distinctions . In both the tribal societies five causes are attributed to sickness. The causes are(i) displeasure of supernatural entities (ii) breach of taboos,(iii) non-fulfillment of obligations towards manes (iv) influence of occultism. And (v) environmental and physical ones.

Emic Classification of Human Diseases

Among the Koya and Saora ethnic healers classify human diseases on the basis of symptoms. The Koya magico-religious and ethno-medicinal specialist is designated as Wadde, who diagnoses and treats diseases is usually a man , but could be a women also. There is a hierarchical gradation amongst them; the junior Shaman or Shamanin is known as Roto Wadde, the intermediate specialists are called Sira Wadde . and the senior ones are designated as Berry Wadde. Whereas among the Saroa Shamanins, called Kudanboi .are numerically preponderant. They are both magico –religious experts and medicine specialists; but there are exclusive medicine specialists; who are only men and are designated as reogammar.

The indigenous system of diagnosis among the Koya is called pentasyad and among the Saora I is called tedum. Kyoas have an elaborate system of classification of dise such as,(i) child diseases or sodupillarooum.(ii) male diseases or nurroggum. (iii)female diseases of detarooum .(iv) old age diseases or musulwadrogum . (v) mental diseases of verrooum ,(vi) dental diseases or andarooum,(vii) ear diseases or ashudahurooum (ix) eye diseases or iamatrooum. (x) seasonal diseases or Kaalamrooum, and (xi) skin diseases or talkarogm. Saora nor Koya classify diseases. And neither Saora nor Koa classify diseases as contagious, infactions air boran or water borne. But they have some notion of hereditary diseases as well as incurable diseases.

All the diseases discussed below are more or less common among the Koya and Saora as they inhabit similar ecoenvironment on the Eastern Ghat hill range. The altitude of Koya territory is relatively less as it constitutes the Godavari basin. Symptoms of the diseases being similar, therapy is not very much dissimilar also between the two tribal communities. Broadly they are similar, but in details they are unequal. This will be evident from the following description of diseases and their therapy in the two cultures.

Common or Frequent Diseases

1. Fever : The Koya call it edek and Saora term it as ashu DEPUNO. It causes abnormal body temperature. Sometimes temperatue is accompanied by body region or spasm. It alternates wih fall of temperature and perspiration follows. Body ache and headache are secondary symptoms. The tendency of nausea persists and the patient loses appetite. Long suffering causes swelling of face, abdomen and limbs.
2. Digonosis and Therapy : The Wadde or Shaman (among the Koya) Kudanboi or Shamanin (among the Saora) is approached to decipher the cause of suffering. He/She locates the cause through divination rite. The Wadde prescribes the juice of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves to Be taken in small quantity twice a day; whereas the Saora shamanin administers a mixture of horida (caparis horida) and bahada (terminalis balerium) and prescribes spritspecific magico-religious charms to be worn by the patient.
3. Common Hierarchy : The Koya call it bechata. The patient experiences irresistible pain in the head They describe it as poita or talanopi or head politting. The Saora term the acute pain as head breaking asunder. Both the Koya and SAora approach their respective magico-religious functionaries for diagnosis and treatment. In both the cases the pain causing spirit is exorcised symbolically by their respective specialists. The Koya medicin man prescribes and admixture of lime and juggery to be applied on the forehead of the patient, whereas the Saora medicine man prescribes a solution, prepared out of lemon and oila (gesalpinia bonducelia) to the applied over the spot of pain.
4. Swelling of the Body : This disease is common among the Koya, and it is probably caused due to acute anaemia. The patient loses body weight, develops weakness, loses appetite and feels nauseatic. His/her complexion becomes whitish. The disease is Known as toita among the Koya is approached. He deciphers and exprcises the diseasecausing spirit and prescribes the juice of dimiri tree (ficus glomerata) root to be taken twice after food.
5. Swelling of Inngual Lymphglands : The Koyas call this disease GADTUL GADA and Saoras term it as PADAPLANG. Symptoms of this disease include swelling of lymphglands, rise of body temperature and headache. Both Koya and Saora resort to magico religious a practices for diagnosis. They get the intruded sprit exorcised by their Shaman/Shamnin. Koya Shaman prescribes hearth cider to be applied over the glands, whereas the Saora medicine man prescribes honey mixed with the juice of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves to be applied over the swelling for remission.
6. Nephrotic Syndrome : Among the Koya this disease is Known as BIS. The patient develops swelling of body, Which is accompanied b mild fever , loss of appetite and general debility .They believe that disease is caused by spirit – intrusion. Hence they approach the wadde or Shaman to exorcise the spirit from the body. The waddle or shaman prescribes two tea –spoonful of NANDABAGULI leaf – juice to be taken by the patient twice daily before for 20 to 25 days after blowing out the spirit.
7. Colic Pain : This diseases is known as DOKAMANDITA among the Koya. It is a common diseases and many people suffer from this ailment. The patient often experiences excruciating abdominal pain. The patient becomes gradually weak and loses appetite. The belief is that the diseases is casused by spirit intrusion. The Shaman is approached to exorcise the spirit. The Shaman prescribes a medicine to be prepared out Sundried rice, few strands of a locally available grass, called pooddaver, ten bits of rasuna (Alinumsabira) and a piece of the bark of mango tree ( Mangiferaindica ) and taken by the patient trice daily.
8. Mal- Nutrition : The diseases is known as KANCHAKA among the Koya. The common belief is that it is caused by inadequate food intake as wall by taking or consuming some harmful or noxious food. The Shaman prescribes cashew seed oil to be qently massged at the naval point of the patient for relief.
9. Hook-Worm Infestation : It I a common diseases among the Koya. According to popular belief the diseases is caused by intrusion of a spirit into the body. But allopathic doctors maintain that they Koya suffer from this diseases as they sometimes eat raw pork or beef. The patient loses body weight and his/ her legs swell. The medicine men rescribes an admixture of turmeric paste and neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves to be taken orally by the patient once daily before food.
10. Round Worm Infestation : The common belief among the Koya is that round –worm infestation is caused by spirit sent through witch-craft. The patient runs mild Temperature feels weeks and experiences pain in the abdomen. The patient also frequently feels the urge of influence of witch-craft, who does so through a magico-religious rite. He also prescribes about 10 grams of turmeric paste to be taken orally twice daily along with few neem (Azadirachta indica ) leaves. The diseases is known as ASAPUDUKU.
11. Amoebic Dysentery : It is a common diseases among the Koya as well as among the Saora. The communities it is as DANBORIDUNGTE. In both the communities it is believed that the diseases is caused by inappropriate food , overeating of chillies, excessive summer heat, and by starvation also. Its symoptoms include discharges, which may be followed by rigor. The shaman prescribes the juice of the roots of PATALGARUDA (Roulfea serpentine ) along with honey for the patient to be taken thrice daily.
12. Blood Dysenter : Among the Koya this diseases is known as NATURDAK ; among the Saora it is known as RANGBORIDUNOTE. In both he communities the belief is that it is mainly caused by spirit- intrusion. The spirit eating of unhealthy food and lots of chilli-hot food aggravates the ailment. The prominent symptom is the greater frequency of motions of blood and mucus along with muscular strains; the patient runs body temperature and experiences headance. In both the communities the malevolent spirit is exorcised from the body of the patient by a sorcerer. The shaman among the koya prescribes an elixir, which is to be prepared by boiling together barks of TENTULI (Tamarindus indica) trees,MAHULA Tree (Bassia latifolia),JAMMU(Syzycium intgrifolia lumini) and PIASALA (sptercerpus falerica) and taken thrice a day . wherease the saora reggammer prescribles an emulision to be prepared out of KHADIRA (Accasdia indica) and KENDU (Drospyres melanoxylon) and taken twice a day
13. Jaundice : It is not a very common disease. But then several people irrespective of age and sex, suffer from it because of use of unsafe drinking water in the tribal interiors. The koyas call it KIL and the Saora term it as ROGARMEENA. However, both the Koys and Saora firmly believe that the disease is caused by spiritintrusion. Its symptoms include that the cooler of retinal and urine of the patient turns yellow. The patient externally looks bloodless, and he/she suffers from low temperature, loss of appetite and feels giddy. He /She also experience pain in the abdomen. Sorcere, among both the tribes, is approached to exorcise the malevolent spirit. The Koya Shaman prescribes spaked water of AMLA (Embelica myroblan), BAHADA (Terminalia balerica) and HORRIDA (Terminalia chebula) to be taken twice daily for 30 days, and the Saora Shaman prescribes ground PHATIKABLAM (Annona reticulate) seeds, dissolved in water to be taken once daily in emptystomach. The quantity should not be more than four to five tea spoonsful at a time.
14. Piles : Koyas call this disease as PEGA and the Saora term it as KINSUM. As per their belief pattern it is a spirit caused disease. Its symptoms include acute pain during defecation, discharge of anal blood after defecation, discharge of anal blood after defecation, loss of body weight and growing weakness. The Sorcerer/shaman is approached to exprcise the malevolent spirit. The Shaman prescribes a finger ring to be worn by the patient which is made out of the scale of BAJRAJKAPTA (a scaly ant-enter reptile).
15. Diabetes : The Koya term this diseases WADABATITA. Both Koya and Saora a believe this disease is caused by the displeasure of gods and goddesses. Incursion of the wrath of supernatural beings causes diabetic syndrome. Koya wadde and Saora Kudanbio maintain that the disease inducing syndrome is incurable. Its symptoms inclyde frequent urination, fast appetite, quick thirst, perspiration and fatigue. The Koya Wadde prescribes JAMMU CHHELI RASA (juice of Syzycium intergrifolialumini) bark to be twice a day, wherease the Saora REEMMAR advises diabetic patients to take juice of THALKKUNI leaces, an orchid (contella asiatica) and ground METHI (fenugreek) two to three times a day.
16. Discharge of Blood with Urine : Koyas term the displease as SAKABATITA. They believe that the displeasure of supernatural beings casuses this diseas. Saoras say that the disease is caused by the tube well water , which people in the Saora area now-a-days drink. Its symptoms include abdominal pain , mild body temperature, blood discharges along with urine and head-realing. The Koya shaman prescribes SAPARKACHU (colacasia ) and suger cane juice for the patient. Whereas the Saor RAGAMMAR advises the patients to take THALKUNTI (Citrus aurantum ) three times a dey.
17. Goiter : The Saora call it KINGKIGBONGADA and the Koya term it medakaya. Members of both the disease is caused by supernatural wrath. Its symptoma include swelling of thrax and pain in the swollen parts of the body. Some portions bulge out and hang down. Sometimes the protrusions burst and casuse sudden death. Koya medicine man prescribes a paste to be prepared out of BAJRAMULI, NARDIA and MUSTUMIR and applied over the swollen parts regularly. Whereas the Saora regamar advise the patients to apply the juice of the roots of BAKULA tree (Mimusopa elongi ) and PATALGARUDA plant two to three times a day.
18. Lumbago : Members of both Koya and Saora communities belive that this disesas is caused due to deficiency in food intake. They state that physical labour out weighs their natural strength. They also say that inadequacy of food causes this disease and old men and women normally suffer from this ailment. Its symptoms include pain in the waist region as well as in the major joints of the body. Koya medicine man as Saora medicineman, both prescribe KARANJ oil (Carisea carandus ) to be massaged over paining or aching joints and take an extraction of the barks of KENDU tree (Disopros ambriyotres )in small quantity continuously for about a month. Among the Koyas this disease is known as MARSULNOPI.
19. Rheumatoid Arthritis : The kyoas call this disease PEETTAND and the Saroa trem it has LABLA. It is not a spirit oriented disease. Both Kyoa and Saroa fell that the disease is caused by excess manual labour. Its syomptoms include swelling of body joints and related pain, which prevents a person of function normally. Its therapy is common among the Kyoa and Saora. Their Wadde and Reggammar prescribes a paste to be prepared out of the barks of NEEM (Azadirachta indica) tree. KARANJA (Carisea Carandus) treeand seeds of DHUTURA and applied over the affected joints. In addition, they also advise half-baked ARAKHA leaves to be pasted over the joints for immediate relief.
20. Hysteria : The Koya call this disease KUNDEL and the Saora trem it as DISUNG. The young and the adolescent are mostly affected by this disease. The belief is that the disease is caused by spirit-intrusion. Its symptoms include acute sensitivity to light, difficulty in hearing, loss of skin sensitivity, partial paralysis of different limbs and inability to walk properly. The only therapy which is resorted to for cure is exorcision of the spirit and propitiation of the supreme god and goddess.
21. Syphilis and Gonorrhoea : The Kyoa call this disease as BAKADA and Saora trem it as LABLANSUNG. Its symptoms include development of sores over vulva and penis, painful urination, swellinr of genitals, discharge of pus in urination and foul smell of urine. The disease is believed to be the cause of the anathema of the anathema of the Almighty. For care Shaman/Shamanin propitiate the supreme god on behalf of the patient. However, both Koya and Saora are aware of the fact that it is a sexually transmitted disease. The Koya ROTOWADDEprescribes juice of BARUNA (Cretera religiosa) tree brak and DIMIRI (Ficus clomerata) tree bark mixed with pulverized SUNTHI (Ginger dehydrate) and powdered PIPALI (Piper logum) to be taken by the patient twice a day in small quantity. The Soara Reggammar prescribes extraction of soaked HORIDA (`Terminalis chebula),BAHADA (terminalia balerica) and ANALA (Embelica myrobalan) to be taken in small quantity twice daliy by the patient, and apply NEEM (Azdirachta indica) oil over the sores.
22. Tuberculosis : Saora call this disease LABLAB nad the Koya term it is USBADOGG. As per the belief pattern this disease is caused by spirit intrusion. Among the Saora, the Kudunboi Spropitiates KETUMSUM, onbehalf of the patient. The Saora RAGGAMMAR or medicieman prescribes powdered mixture of HALADI (Caruma domestica ), BAHADA (terminalia balerica ) and patient twice daliy. The Koya ROTOWADDE presicribes a mixture of Asoka (Araca indica ) bark, Aprajeet ( Clitria ternatia) nad JAITIRI ( Myristica fragrama ) for such a patient to be taken thrice daliy
23. Leprosy : It is a dreaded disease. The saora call it LABLAN, and the Koya term it is MASA.member of both the communities attribute the occurance of this disease to extrme type of supernatural wrath, they also belive that the disease is incurable, and hence it is an anathema. The patient , if a grown up person, is segregated from the socity. Such a person in course of time become a wander mederer medicant. He is never redmitted to the socity.
24. Leucosis : This disease is known as SOBEM among the Koya and as LAB AMONG THE Saora. White patches appear on the skin, which itch often. The cause of the disease is believed to be supernatural wrath, both among the Koya as well as the Saora . A type of whitish fungus found in JAMu(Syzycium integrifolia lumini) tree is collectd and burnt and this black residue is mixed with POLANG oil (Callophylum inophyllum) and applied over the white patches.
25. Itching : Rough patches appear on the different parts of the body which cause irritation . Afungs that grows in the crevices of old mango trees is collected and burnt. Black residue is mixed with POLANG oil and thenapplied over the rough patches.
26. Yaws : Koyascall the disease , CHEBA.Both Koya and Saora think that it is caused by intrusion of malevolent spirit. Its symptoms include riseof body temperature, joint pains with blisters and painful itching of body sores. The wounds are not cured and pus oozes out of them. For cure,the spirit is exorcised and the superme god is propitiated with offering of animal blood. The shaman prescribes a paste to be prepared with NEEM (Azadirachita indica)leaves and HALADI (Carcuma domestica) for application over the wounds.
27. Bronchitis : This is a common disease that mainly occurs towards the end of summer season . It is know as UBSA among the Koya and as MURDUKANASHU among the Saora . This disease is caused due to change of weather. Its symptoms include rise of bodytemperature accompanied by coughing and throat irritation. Its therapy includes rubbing of soya oil over chest and chewing of leave of KENDU(Dyosphyros obenum).
28. Maums : Among the Koya this disease is known as MADAGADA and among the Saora it is known as PADAPLANG. Its symptoms include swollen cheecks, inflammation of tonsil gland, headache, rise pf body tempreture, aching of eardrums, and frequent coughing. Its therepy includes application of fine cinder over the cheek and pasting of half baked ARAKH leaves around the swollen gland.
29. Enargement of Tonsils : This disease , known sa GAUGA among the Koya nad as ASHUDAHU among the Saora is caused due to cold; its symptoms include rise of body temperature,accompanied by headache,coughing and painin the thorax. Its therapy includes taking of the juice of bitter groud and application or liquefied KHAIRA(ACCASIA catecium) on the external surface.
30. Small Pox : Among the Koya this disease is knoen as AMMA TALUR, and among the Saora it is known as SINGYOL. Its symptoms include rise of body temperature. Eruption of blisters all over the body temperature, eruption of blishter all over the body and itching sensation. After four to five days the blisters start bursting and the body gets disfigured. Blisters may crupt inside the body also, which is more painful.The Saora believe that it caused by the fiery anger of goddess MATAMUNDEM. There is no treatment for this disease. The whole village propitiates through the shaman and the Priest, the presiding deity of this dangerous epidiemic. Only neem leaves are spread around the patient, and during evinging times resin smoke is created in waves to please the deity.
31. 4the patient is made to seep upon neem leaves, and dried neem leaves are burnt in a pot near the patien ti provide smoothing smoke to the patient. The presiding goddess f the disease is propitiated both among the saora and koya by their respitiated priests and shamans.
32. Malaria : This disease is know as YANANGBASUM among the Saora, and the WASA-EAEK among the kyoa Its symptoms include high body temperature with rigor. The temperature rises at regular intervals. When the temperature lowers down the patients perspires a lot, and in course if time the patient develops wollen abdomen, face and limbs. The Koya believe that the disease is caused by the intrusion of a spirit callrd, YANANGBASUM .The Koya wadde nullifies the influence of witchcraft on the patient, and among the Saora the Kudanboi or shamanin blows out .The Saora REGGAMMAR prepares a therapeutic powder out of BAHADA (terminalia balerica), pippala bark (ficus religiosa) and KENDU speeds (Azadir achta indica), which the patient is supposed to takes thrice daily. The Koya Shaman prepares mediince out of NEEM leaves, speed and PIPPALI (piper longum) and administers the same to the patients twice daily.
33. Typhoid : This disease, among the saora, is knpwn as KAHARANAGHU and among the Koya as BECHATA EDEK, The belief among both the communities is that it is caused either by witchcraft or sorcery. Body temperature remaibs abnormally high’and it hardly becomes normal. Fever is accompanied by servere headache and a continuous tendency of nausea. In Saora case god DURISUM is propitiated, and among the Koya, god deudu is worshipped by the PERMA or priest. The Koya wadde prepares a medicine out of GARAGA(Coix lachry majoba), which is given to the patient two to three times a day. The Saora REGGAMMAR prepares a medicine out of NEEM seeds, TULSI seeds and LEMON seeds, which is administered to the patient twice a day.
34. Scabies : This disease is known as DULABANGA among the Koya , and as GAJI among the saora. It mostly occurs among children. Blistes painfully itch and become sores which emit foul smell. Pus is formed in the blisters painfully itch and become sores which emit foul smell. Pus is formed in the blisters the saora and koya believe that it is a contagious diseases. The saora . It mostly occurs among children . Blistes painfully itch and become sores which emit foul smell. Pus is formed in the blisters. The Saora and Koya believe that it is a contagious disease. The Saora REGGAMMAR prepares a paste out of NEEM leaves, turmeric root and Karanja (Carisea carandus) oil for application over the scabies. The Koya shaman prepares a thick solution out NEEM tree bark, KARANJA TREE BARK AND TURMERIC FOR APPLICATION ON THE SORES FOR CURE.
35. Ringworm : This disease is known as GATIDULA AMONG the Koya, and as BANAL among the Sarora. The disease develops on the external skin , particularly around the waist, leg joints, surfaces of palms, feet and on the back and around the neck of a person. The skin becomes rough in the affected parts, which cause irritation, and a fluid exudes from the sore. The disease is attributed to environmental factors. The herbal medicine meant for scabies is also used for ringworm. Some time KOCHILA oil is used asan external balm.
36. Conjunctivities : The Saora call it ASHUMALI and the Koya call it kantakapoita. Colour of retina of the affected eye becomes red, with actue pain and constant flow of water. According to their belief pattern it occurs due to extreme heat and dusty wind. The affected eye is a frequently dabbed with a piece of cloth soaked in turmeric water. One or two drops of onion juice may be put into the affected eye.
37. Measles : This is a child-disease. Among the Saora it is known as JEREING and among the Koya it is called PUNDKU.(This disease develops on the external skin. .After a few days of fever tiny red eruptions appear all over the body. The eruptions cause actue pain and skin irritation. Both the Koya and the Saora believe that it is caused by a malevolent spirit, who is blood-thirty. The disease subsides if the spirit is appeared with the offering of blood , preferably that a black cock.
38. Ear-Drum Aching : This ailment is known as ASHUDADU among the Saora and as KELKUNOTI among the Koya. Its symptoms include servere pain in the ear drum. Loss of audible capcity, discharge of pus and headache. For cure they put two to three drops of the juice of the leaves of BANATULSI or wild Ocimum sanctum. It is also known as GHODATULSI.
39. Sty : This disease is known as JAMAT among the Saora and as POITA among the Koya. Small ball like boils develop on the edge of eye-lid, which cause pain and problems of vision.For cure they apply juice of KANSIRI leaves. This is a kind of edible green for the poor.
40. Tooth-Ache : The Saora call it bubuji and the Koya term it is PALKNOTI. They believe that it is a spirit caused disease . Therefore, the Saora consult with their Kudanboi or Shamnin and the Koya with their wadde or shaman for spirit-exorcision. After the magico religious rite the patient consults his/herher medicineman for prescription of herbal medicine. The Saora medicine man advises the patient to apply paste of buffalo horn at the roof of the affected tooth, whereas Koya medicineman prescribes the extract of KOCHILA tree bark tobe applied around the aching tooth.
41. Nail – Disease : This disease is known as REYABUBA among the Koya. One corner of a finger or toe mail may cause pain if it has been affected by a foreign material. The shaman prescribes burnt ashes of ARAKH stem to be applied over the aching nail or lemon juice.
42. Nasal-Bleeding : This is a common disease among the Koya a during the winter seasit is called MUGBDI.. It is believed that the disease is caused by spirit –intrusion.Blood exudes through nasal apertures. The spirit is cast out by shaman through a magico-religious rite. The patient is given juice of PATALGARUDA roots for subsidence.
43. Evil-Eye : Among the Koyas it is knownas NISTATGADA, and among the Saora it is called KANTAPOITA. It is believed that some women are bestowed with the inherent power of evil eye. Some men also possess this inauspicious quality. If they cast a willful look at a child, then the inauspicious element in their vision making the child sick, and the Child runs temperature, becomesanaemic and loses appetite.
44. Physical Immaturity : Among the Koya physical immaturity among the boys is known as PASANA and among the Saora it is known as KUSAG. Among the Koya such a boy accompanies his WADDE or shaman to the forest to collect a piece of wood from a male terr of PENJARMARA, which they collect after propitiation. The shaman worships that piece of wood at the village GUDDI or shrine, and then ties it around the neck of the boy with a piece of black string. In case of Saora the Kudanboi or shamanin invokes the JALIYASUM on behalf of a boy who approaches her to attain maturity.
45. Udder-Inflamation : This is a disease of parturient women Among the Saora it is known as CHANDGADA. And among the Koya it is known as KIRANJAJA. If the child does not suck its mother’s milk. The same gets reserved within the nammary glands, which causes pain.The Koya shaman prescribes the extract of NEEM tree bark to be taken by the patient thrice daily till she is cured . The Saora shmanin prescribes and admixture of honey and ARAKHA leaf –juice to be gently applied over the breast for remission of pain.

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