Tribal Parameters
1. Size of the total population is relatively small; which lives in isolation.
2. The basis of the life centres round hunting and food gathering in a state of semi –nomadism.
3. Besides the above, the primitive state of life is marked by part dependence on crude agriculture as slash and burn type and no occupational specialization.
4. The simple implements, used for digging roots and tubers and carrying on shifting cultivation , are digging-stick, bill-book , hoe and axe.
5. Bow and arrow is the main weapon of chase, and snares and trapes are used for catching birds nd small animals.
6. On certain occasions fire is made by friction or drill method.
7. Minnimum wearing apparel, consists of a piece of lion cloth and apron made of fibers or coarse cotton threads.
8. The hut is tiny and either a wind break or a little secured shelter made from locally available materials.
9. Personal effects and material belongings are very few and simple.
10. It is egalitarian and no economic differentiation exists among the members.Theeconomic life has a communalistic base.
11.Youth dormitories and tribal councils at the village and intervillage level are important instiutions.and leadership is polymorphic.
12. Customary laws govern the socio-cultural life.
13. A very high degree of social integration exists and there is also tempered classificatory kinship system.
14. Conservative eorld view and persistence of supersititions supernaturalism and occultism.
15. No occupational diversification; no tendency for capital formation and no tendency for acquisition of wealth by unfair means.
16 Confinement to an ecolical niche or relative autonomy and holding on to it with the greatest adaptive capcity.
17. Societies are segmentary ,consisting of a number exogamous clans.The significant reference group is the tribe of a larger segment. The subtribe, which is a single , endogamous ethnic group occupies a more or less contiguous territory.
18. There is very little specialization of social roles,there are role offerntiation in term of kinship and the other role specialization are headman,priest,shaman,medicineman etc.
19. Non-literate and have a shallow historical time conception.lack abstract thinking.
20. Personalities are endowed with a strong sense of reality. Everything is attributed to the volition of supernatural powers and mnes.
Thus a primitive community is characterized by such qualities as socio-cultural distinctiveness,Smallness, homogeneity, territoriality, and all pervading self- sufficiency.All these characteristics are not found in a constellation among all the primitive tribe.They are found in different degreesin the various tribe.However Government of India ,during the fifth plan period felt the need for identifying the real backward communities amongst them as primitive group for launching Micro Projects for their intergrated development . For identification as primitive Tribal Group (PTG) the following criteria
Were formulated(i) Pre-agricultural level of technology and economy.(ii) Low rate of literacy.(iii)Decling or near stagnant population,and(iv)General backwardness due to seclusion and consequential archaic mode of living.
So far 75 primitive tribal groups(PTGs) have been identified and each has been covered by Micro Project
| Andhra Pradesh |
| 1. Bodo Gadaba |
2. Bondo Paroja |
3. Chenchu |
4. Dongria Khond |
| 5. Gutob Gadaba |
6. Khond Paroja |
7. Kolam |
8. Konda Reddy |
| 9. Konda Savaras |
10. Kuita Khond |
11. Parengi Paroja |
12. THOTIS |
| Bihar |
| 13. Asurs |
14. Birhor |
14. Birjia |
16. Hill Kharia |
| 17. Korwas |
18. Malpharias |
19. Pahariyas |
20. Sauria Paharia |
| 21. Savar |
|
|
|
| Gujarat |
| 22. Kathodi |
23. Kotwalia |
24. Padhar |
|
| 25. Siddi |
26. Kolgha |
|
|
| Karnataka |
| 27. Jenu Kuruba |
28. Koraga |
|
|
| Kerala |
| 29. Chonaikayan |
30. Kadar |
31. Kattunayakan |
32. Kurumba |
| 33. Koraga |
|
|
|
| Maharastra |
| 41. Katkaria ( Kathodia) |
42. Kolam |
43. Maria Gond |
|
| Orissa |
| 45. Birhor |
46. Bondo |
47. Chuktia Bhunjia |
48. Didayi |
| 49. Dongria - Khond |
50. Juang |
51. Kharia |
52. Kuita - Khond |
| 53. Lanjia |
54. Lodha |
55. Mankirdia |
56. Paudi Bhuyans |
| 57. Saora |
|
|
|
| Tamil Nadu |
| 59. Kattu Naickans |
60. Kotas |
61. Kurumbas |
62. Irulas |
| 63. Panians |
64. Todas |
|
|
| Uttar Pradesh |
| 66. Buxas |
67. Rajis |
|
|
| West Bengal |
| 68. Bihor |
69. Lodhas |
70. Totos |
|
| Andaman & Nicobar Island |
| 71. Great Andamanese |
72. Jarwas |
73. Onges |
74. Sentinelese |
| 75. Shompens |
|
|
|
